There are several ways to separate different chemicals from one another, and the purification of molecules is often the hardest part of a chemists job! Fractional distillation is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms. Methods of separating miscible liquids using simple and fractional distillation PARTS 2.1 and 2.2 Methods of separating mixtures are described e.g. Copyright 2015-2023 Save My Exams Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 1. simple distillation fractional distillation method of separating a Fractional distillation: Stage 2. longer hydrocarbons condense back into liquids and drain out the column early on, when they're near the bottom. are all based on oil products, Polymers, lubricants, solvents, detergents and adhesives are all products that are obtained from crude oil, The array of fractions in crude oil and the huge range of compounds we can produce from them all stem from carbons ability to form multiple strong covalent bonds with itself leading a huge number of organic compounds. GCSE Chemistry animations Periodic table Ionic bonding (1) Mass number Atomic structure pH scale Fractional distillation States of matter Exothermic reaction Neutralisation Distillation Chromatography Titration These fractions now hold liquid hydrocarbons which will be collected through pipes. Fractional distillation separates miscible liquids that have different boiling points. Gently heat until the thermometer reads around thirty degrees, or there is a consistent release of gas. A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture, with several condensers coming off at different heights. 2.5.6 describe and explain the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation; 2.5.7 describe the fractions as largely a mixture of compounds of formula CH, which are members of the alkane homologous series, and recall the names and uses of the following fractions: refinery gases used for bottled gases; petrol used as a fuel, Unit C2: Further Chemical Reactions, Rates and Equilibrium, Calculations and Organic Chemistry, 5.5 CRUDE OIL, FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS, (b) the fractional distillation of crude oil, (c) fractions as containing mixtures of hydrocarbons (alkanes) with similar boiling points, (d) the trends in properties of fractions with increasing chain length and the effect on their usefulness as fuels, Unit 2: CHEMICAL BONDING, APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS and ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 2.5 CRUDE OIL, FUELS AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, C6.2j describe the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation, C6.2k explain the separation of crude oil by fractional distillation, PAG 4 Distillation of a mixture, for example, orange juice, cherry cola, hydrocarbons, inks, Working scientifically skills demonstrated. The main fractions and their uses are described in the following table. Read about our approach to external linking. 4.2.1 Crude Oil & Fractional Distillation, 1.1.5 Practical: Investigate the Solubility of a Solid in Water at a Specific Temperature, 1.2.5 Practical: Investigating Paper Chromatography, 1.4.4 Electronic Configuration & Reactivity, 1.5.6 Experiment: Finding Formulae of Compounds, 1.5.7 Practical: Determine the Formula of a Metal Oxide, 1.5.9 Calculate Concentrations of Solutions, 1.6.5 Ionic compounds: Bonds, Structure & Properties, 1.7.2 Covalent Bonds: Dot & Cross Diagrams, 1.9.4 Practical: Investigate the Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions, 2.1.2 Group 1: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 2.2.2 Group 7: Reactivity & Electronic Configurations, 2.3.2 Practical: Determine the % of Oxygen in Air, 2.3.4 Carbon Dioxide from Thermal Decomposition, 2.4.6 Practical: Investigate Metals Reacting with Acids, 2.7.8 Practical: Prepare Copper(II)Sulfate, 3.1.6 Practical: Investigating Temperature Changes, 3.2.5 Practical: Effect of Surface Area on Rate of Reaction, 3.2.6 Practical: Effect of Catalysts on Rate of Reaction, 4.7.2 Practical: Preparation of Ethyl Ethanoate, Environmental Systems & Societies (ESS): SL, 1.5 Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations, Crude oil as a mixture is not a very useful substance but the different hydrocarbons that make up the mixture, called fractions, are enormously valuable, with each fraction having many different applications, Each fraction consists of groups of hydrocarbons of, The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called, The molecules in each fraction have similar, The size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determines in which fraction it will be separated into, The size of each molecule is directly related to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms the molecule contains, Fractional distillation is carried out in a, Crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so, The different fractions condense at different heights according to their, The petrochemical industry is hugely important for modern society and development, The fuels that are used in most modern methods of transport (cars, trains, airplanes etc.) As the gas passes through the universal indicator solution in the test tube/vial note the colour change and the pH. The fractions are collected. Fractional Distillation | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | FuseSchoolIn this video, learn how fractional distillation separates crude oil into useful fraction. //GCSE Chemistry - Fractional Distillation and Simple - YouTube GCSE Chemistry - Fractional distillation - Primrose Kitten The fractional distillation of crude oil - RSC Education AQA Chemistry. This gas is a cause of, . The fractions in petroleum are separated from each other in a process called fractional distillation; . //]]>, Diagram showing the process of fractional distillation to separate crude oil in a fractionating column. Explorethe use of painkillers and their other effects: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic. 5.4K Share Save 305K views 3 years ago GCSE Chemistry (9-1) In this video, you'll learn: - How crude oil is formed - How crude oil is separated using fractional distillation - The process of. Fractional distillation of crude oil (GCSE) - Secondary Science 4 All Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures. Maintain the heat on the soft drink and collect the remaining distillate. 4. IBO was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, the resources created by Save My Exams. Stewart has been an enthusiastic GCSE, IGCSE, A Level and IB teacher for more than 30 years in the UK as well as overseas, and has also been an examiner for IB and A Level. Reforming is described as the processing of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficien, Hard water challenge | Chemistry for All project | 1416 years, Thin-layer chromatography and analgesics | 1618 years, Using thin-layer chromatography to investigate the reaction | 1618 years, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Practical potions microscale | 1114 years, Antibacterial properties of the halogens | 1418 years, Side-arm hard glass test tube (see note 4 below), Bent delivery tube and rubber connection tubing, Small sample tubes, at least 20 mm x 5 mm (small test tubes can also be used), x4, Thermometer, 0360 C, with cork to fit side-arm test tube, Crude oil substitute (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE and HARMFUL), about 2 cm. This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. Fractional distillation is the process of separating the different hydrocarbon compounds within crude oil (Show understanding of fractional distillation through context) . If you do not have time to allow all of the liquid to boil off and leave a solid, collect whatever liquid you may have and weigh it. To separate hydrocarbons within crude oil into similar bonds. PVA should also work), Empty and clean the bottle and remove any labels, Paint the bottom half of the bottle in red to represent the hottest section, Paint the top half of the bottle in blue to represent the coolest section, In the middle mix the colours to show a gradual change from red to blue to show how the temperature cools as you go up the column, Using a hot glue gun (make sure an adult is helping) glue one of the straws to the completely red fraction this will be where the crude oil is added to the column, On the other side of the bottle, at regular intervals, glue four more of the straw pieces these are the different fractions that are collected from the column, Glue the final straw piece to the lid of the bottle and screw it on this shows the gases that are released from the column, Heat source hot plate or tealight (not bunsen burner). Difference Between Fractional Distillation and Simple Distillation By using freesciencelessons you agree to our Privacy Policy, Like most websites, freesciencelessons uses cookies. NOTE: do not use a bunsen burner for this experiment as it is too difficult to control heating. They pass up the column and condense at lower temperatures nearer the top. petrol, diesel) are a common end product. 5.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock, 5.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals, 8.3 Describe and explain the separation of crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures by the process of fractional distillation, 8.5 Explain how hydrocarbons in different fractions differ from each other in: the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms their molecules contain; boiling points; ease of ignition; viscosity; and are mostly members of the alkane homologous series, 2d Carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations, 4 Safe use of a range of equipment to purify and/or separate chemical mixtures including evaporation, filtration, crystallisation, chromatography and distillation. Coal is mainly carbon but it may also contain sulfur compounds, which produce sulfur dioxide when the coal is burned. This reaction can take a very long time to run until completion. In this experiment, students use a crude oil substitute to model the fractional distillation of crude oil. The main fractions and their uses are described in the following table: Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules, including boiling point, viscosity and flammability, These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels, This means that more heat is needed to separate the molecules, hence with increasing molecular size there is an, Viscosity also increases with increasing chain length, This is also due to the increased intermolecular forces of attraction as molecular size increases, Increased viscosity means that higher alkanes are useful as lubricants in machinery as they are less likely to burn and function to reduce friction between moving parts, Molecular size again influences the ease of ignitionor flammability of hydrocarbons, This makes them very useful as fuels, releasing large amounts of energy when they burn.